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Alexandrium (genus)
''Alexandrium'' is a genus of dinoflagellates, with many species related to toxin production leading to paralytic shellfish poisoning.〔Anderson, D.M. 1998. Physiology and bloom dynamics of toxic Alexandrium species, with emphasis on life cycle transitions. NATO ASI series, vol. G41. Physiology of harmful algal blooms. Edited by Anderson, DM, Cembella, AD and Hallegraeff, GM.〕 The dinoflagellate cysts produced by this species are considered much more toxic than swimming cells.〔Dale, B., Yentsch, C. and Hurst, J. 1978. Toxicity in Resting Cysts of the Red-Tide Dinoflagellate Gonyaulax excavata from Deeper Water Coastal Sediments. Science 201, 1223-1224.〕 Enzyme electrophoretic data 〔HAYHOME, B.A., ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M. & WHITTEN, D.J. 1989 Variation among congeneric dinoflagellates from the northeastern United States and Canada. I. Enzyme electrophoresis; Marine Biology, 101: 427-435.〕 and RNA genetic analysis 〔SCHOLIN, C.A. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). I. RFLP analysis of SSU rRNA genes; Journal of Phycology, 30: 744-754.〕〔SCHOLIN, C.A., HERZOG, M., SOGIN, M. & ANDERSON, D.M. 1994 Identification of group- and strain-specific genetic markers for globally distributed Alexandrium (Dinophyceae). II. Sequence analysis of a fragment of the LSU rRNA gene; Journal of Phycology, 30: 991-1011.
〕 show two of the species, ''Alexandrium fundyense'' and ''A. tamarense'' to be closely related, while mating compatibilities even suggest them to be varieties of a single heterothallic species.〔ANDERSON, D.M., KULIS, D.M., DOUCETTE, G.J., GALLAGHER, J.C. & BALECH, E. 1994 Biogeography of toxic dinoflagellates in the genus Alexandrium from the northeastern United States and Canada; Marine Biology, 120: 467-478.〕
Recent molecular work demonstrates an ''Alexandrium tamarense'' complex (Atama complex, including ''A. tamarense'', ''Alexandrium fundyense'', ''Alexandrium catenella'') and that none of the three original morphospecies designations forms monophyletic groups in the present SSU-based and previous LSU-based 〔Lilly, E.L., Halanych, K.M., Anderson, D.M., 2007. Species boundaries and global biogeography of the ''Alexandrium tamarense'' complex (Dinophyceae). J. Phycol. 43 (6), 1329–1338.〕 phylogenetic trees, i.e. these species designations are invalid. This currently needs further investigation.〔Lilibeth N. Miranda, Yunyun Zhuang, Huan Zhang, Senjie Lin, 2012. Phylogenetic analysis guided by intragenomic SSU rDNA polymorphism refines classification of ‘‘Alexandrium tamarense’’ species complex. Harmful Algae 16: 35-48.〕
== See also ==
*Harmful algal blooms
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